Marisela Ortiz Escobedo CYCLE OF POVERTY IN THE NATIVE PEOPLES FOOD: THE CASE OF THE PEOPLE OF JALISCO AND NAYARIT Wixarika
. Mireya Rodriguez Corona
December 10, 2010
Mireya Rodríguez Corona
a Diversity University. Human Rights Fair
Graduate School of Zaragoza UNAM
PAPER NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE RIGHT FOOD Three generations of human rights. The first generation includes civil and political rights, based on the principle of freedom, dating from the French Revolution. The Second Generation of Human Rights, endorses the first generation human rights and adds economic, social, cultural and employment, based on equality, which are enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of the UN. The Third Generation of Human Rights arose in the years 1980, endorses human rights first and second generation, and recognize environmental rights and minorities, the quality of life, peace, based on the principle of solidarity.
The right to food is recognized from the second generation rights, and is now endorsed by the third generation rights, along with recognition of indigenous peoples and minorities, as well as the right to gender equity. MAIN
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL INSTRUMENTS - Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 25
1 .- Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for her and her family, health and welfare, and especially food, clothing, housing, medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his will. Adopted and proclaimed by General Assembly resolution 217 A (III) of December 10, 1948
- Declaration of the Rights of Child
Principle 4 The child shall enjoy the benefits of social security. Entitled to grow and develop in health, for this purpose shall be provided both to him and his mother, special care, including prenatal and postnatal care. The child has the right to adequate nutrition, housing, recreation and medical services.
1959 - Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Woman) In paragraphs:
"Concerned that in situations of poverty women have minimal access to food, health, education, training and employment opportunities, as well as other needs "
2
Article 12 .- Without prejudice to paragraph 1 above, States Parties shall ensure to women's services appropriate in connection with pregnancy, childbirth and post-natal period, granting free services where necessary, as well as adequate nutrition during pregnancy and lactation. September 3, 1981
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1 Emerging. Right to exist in dignity
1. The right to security of life, which entails the right of every human being and every community for their survival, water and sanitation, to provide energy and adequate basic food, and freedom from famine. Everyone is entitled to a continuous and sufficient power and free access to drinking water to meet their basic living needs of Cultures Forum October 30 to November 4, 2007. Monterrey
MDGs PURPOSE 1.
Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Goal 1.C.
Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the percentage of hungry people
Indicators 1. It is likely that hunger has reached a peak in 2009, one of the many consequences of the food crisis and global financial
2. In most regions progress towards eradicating hunger has stagnated
3. Despite some progress, one in four children in developing countries weighs less than it should
4. Cabins are nearly twice as likely to have an underweight than children in urban areas
5. In some regions, the prevalence of infants weighing less than normal is much higher among the poor
6. Over 42 million people have fled their homes by conflict or persecution in September 2000, New York. Millennium Summit of United Nations
LEGAL INSTRUMENTS NATIONAL - Constitution of the United Mexican States
Article 2, section B, III
ensure effective access to health services by expanding the coverage of the national system, making appropriate use of traditional medicine and to support to the nutrition of indigenous people through food programs, especially for children. Article 4
Boys and girls are entitled to the satisfaction of their needs for food, health, education and recreation for its development.
NOM-031-SSA2-1999 For the attention to child health. Brand parameters for determining nutritional status and psychomotor development
FOOD CYCLE OF POVERTY IN INDIGENOUS PEOPLES From the time of the Conquest, indigenous peoples have suffered a massive looting and saw its population decimated, 170 languages \u200b\u200bare spoke to the arrival of the English are currently about 62 languages. Many of these villages during the occupation were displaced to the most inhospitable places or were conquered and used as a force of cheap labor, unpaid, virtually slave, while his condition was determined whether human or not which vents in the papal bull Sublimis Deus Paul III, on June 2, 1537, which recognized as human beings, not for the members of the African people forced into slave labor by not recognizing the quality of human beings in this papal bull. There was
Just War concept which was discussed at the Board of Valladolid in 1550 and 1551, the Colegio de San Gregorio de Valladolid, a position fought Fray Bartolome de las Casas, which is considered the precursor of would be defending the human rights of indigenous peoples, to oppose the barbarity with which they were treated the native peoples, while Juan Gines de Sepulveda argued about the superiority of English over the Indians who were considered inferior, whereas it should afford the sacrifice of his flesh in exchange to save the spirit if not accept the Catholic religion
Since the Alexandrine bulls had created a legal instrument allowing papal plunder the lands discovered Titles in the Righteous and the Alexandrine Bulls and the Treaties of Portugal known as the Treaty of Tordesillas of late fifteenth century, with this agreement were to classify the discovered lands between the English and Portuguese
In this process of dispossession, several native peoples are extinct, others were forced to work in parcels, were stripped of their culture and language, miscegenation arose, which today are the product most, the process that initially was not easy, since the first mestizos, were not accepted either by Indians or by the English, who saw a dubious origin in humans born in that process of conquest, nor were Indians which made them unreliable in the eyes of the natives, nor were English, so children were not recognized.
Thus, the control of water and land is being under English rule, and the people who opposed the conquest, such as Cora and Huichol Indians were displaced increasingly inhospitable territory in the mountains, finally being placed in the most inhospitable parts of the Sierra Madre Occidental, where he now converge the states of Nayarit, Jalisco, Zacatecas and Durango.
wixarika peoples, unable to be conquered, some have been permeated by the Catholic religion, compared to its neighbors or nayeris Cora, although there is some syncretism, since I try to be conquered by both the war and by the gospel, so far made the Catholic missions of evangelization work among them, yet the chief religious leaders marakames remain in the region.
During the nineteenth century, known as the Ley Lerdo Confiscation Act, indigenous communities were communal land affected is intended to become a small property, that indigenous peoples originated in Jalisco State at that time also included Nayarit, this led to a confrontation with Benito Juárez, so allied with Maximilian acknowledged indigenous communal property, until the insurrection was quelled by General Ramón Corona ending with the shooting of an indigenous leader in 1873
In 1917, he created the free and sovereign state of Nayarit, and the territorial division of this passes right by wixarika village territories, so there are some in the administration of the state of Nayarit and others in the administration Jalisco State, others in the administration of the State of Zacatecas and others in the administration of the State of Durango, this being the reason why it is so difficult to carry out the management to develop communities that are in different locales state.
From Ruiz Cortines, Díaz Ordaz and Echeverría, there have been several presidential decrees recognize them lands, however, as has happened in other parts of the country, there dispossession of land suitable for livestock, as before these lands to be considered vacant, and the displacement of the mestizo population who participated in the war and fled Cristero the tops of the mountains, they took their forms of production levels, especially in the raising of livestock, thus requiring land suitable for pasture and water for animals, it did, that the mixed use land for livestock community suitable for livestock, further displacing indigenous communities were invaded their land and were deprived of water sources, both needed to grow, why are low crop production and only fit for consumption in rainfed lands, with different climates, with dry land in large part, which wear out easily if they are cleared for the cultivation of grasslands, which enter mestizos. Currently
its height and isolation, these lands are suitable for the cultivation of narcotics, where the natives are used as cheap labor, which given the distances and lack of communication, both terrestrial and directly, it is virtually impossible to know which is what happens in them since their isolation.
federal programs that in many cases come to the region are almost always handled by mestizos, who use these at their discretion, in mixed populations, not arriving at the destination for which they are labels, which is its application to indigenous communities.
those most affected by hunger and misery in the region are Indigenous women, families in these communities may be polygamous, polygynous sororate practiced, which is marriage with several women from the same family such as sisters. We have detected that the isolation of the areas, it is difficult to know the distortion for Food Program in the region, such as opportunities or food aid programs, they often are used by mestizos who manage these sometimes improperly , conditioning the delivery of groceries to other kinds of favors and personal gain, so although there were programs to abate hunger and malnutrition little or no progress is seen in children and women of the area have high degree of malnutrition.
Indigenous communities do not have adequate facilities, the roads are bad, without water, light, medical, educational service is poor, the only service with which you had to follow up on children with problems anemia, malnutrition and neurodevelopmental problems, was withdrawn in 2010 when the Food Support Program, withdrew from the operating rules of the assessments were made in weight, height, hemoglobin and infant neurodevelopment test without being able to go there a phase of intervention with children already identified for treatment, retreating to the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas and Nutrition, which were responsible for evaluating children and mothers of the Food Support Program, which was designed to serve populations less than 2500 inhabitants, where there are no health services or are served by clinics or medical caravans, is and some colleagues who were responsible for assessments in the Cora-wixarika decided to create the WATCH AND NUTRITION CIUDADADANO NEURODEVELOPMENT within the structure of the NATIONAL FRONT OF WOMEN Rosa Luxemburg, to continue the assessments in the region.
The evaluations made this year, there were high rates of malnutrition that are trying to be killed with accessories food, because breast milk is lacking in iron, iron reserves are depleted we are born from six months old, so it is from this moment that the children are at serious risk of begin to suffer from anemia, this is where serious problems arise because in order to keep livestock and crops need arable land and water for both human consumption and animal and agricultural land, the main agricultural land and water, are invaded crossbred cattle ranchers and even though there are presidential decrees which favor the natives, they do not want to leave them as found in pastures and water, which has also generated unrest, as livestock pollution the water used for human consumption. Given the positions they occupy in the local public administration, mestizos are the first to see federal and state programs that support to municipalities, and these are the first to apply for them and get projects to be benefited, illiteracy in the area is high , and although many are bilingual, the language change makes understanding a form of culture that is alien. Thus, despite the efforts, and the high budget to reduce the backlog, they do not reach their destination.
The lack of foods rich in nutrients, generating loss of weight and height in the population, which has meant that these people have as adults a smaller size which could be achieved, malnutrition remains at levels considered severe
The presence of anemia in almost 70% of children studied, leads to poor oxygenation in the brain, due to low iron levels blood, which in turn affects neuropsychological functions related to learning.
early pregnancies are common, with most multiparous, in most cases, women have a poor diet, although it is well known that the fetus tends to destroy the nutrients from the mother for their own benefit , such is the lack of reserves in women that many children are born underweight and height. The deliveries usually take place in house with traditional midwives in emergency care is difficult down the road, scorpion bites are common, and if people download required medical units in nearby cities such as Guadalajara, Tepic and Zacatecas, this can only be done by plane, as long as there is no turbulence that threatens to throw.
Thus we might conclude that the cycle of food poverty in Indian villages this route cycle:
This cycle of food poverty, leads to the conclusion that it is not sufficient to carry food aid programs emerging to meet AGREEMENTS MILLENNIUM who signed Mexico, and that lead us to the goal of lowering food poverty and malnutrition in 2015, but fighting back is the problem, which is to encourage the development of the region, with indigenous peoples which are them, as to the theft of 500 years, do not have good farmland and water, allowing them to reverse malnutrition in which they live.
